Factors Affecting Loneliness as a Medical Problem in the Elderly: A Systematic Review

Introduction: To plan an appropriate program for the prevention and control of loneliness in the elderly, it is necessary to first identify the risk factors associated with loneliness. Therefore, the present systematic review study intended to determine the causative factors of loneliness in the elderly. Materials/Methods: To select appropriate previous research for the present review study, several Persian and English studies during 2005-2015 were reviewed through systematic search using keywords ‘’loneliness, elderly, risk factors, systematic review’’ in the databases of Psyc INFO, Scopus, Elsevier, Pub Med as well as advanced search on Google Scholar. Regarding the inclusion and exclusion criteria derived from 77 articles, the present study ultimately reviewed 21 articles. Results: After searching the aforesaid websites and databases, 77 articles were found, 56 of which were excluded from the study due to their inconsistency with the current inclusion criteria. Eventually, 21 articles were selected, 11 of which were reviewed for the risk factors of loneliness. Amongst the reviewed articles, 4 had had an investigation into loneliness reduction strategies and 6 had specifically investigated the effects of loneliness on the elderly. According to the review results of the selected studies, loneliness has been considered as a major factor in the quality of life of the elderly. Conclusion: The present study determined the most important causative factors affecting loneliness in the elderly in different areas. Recognizing these effective factors, many healthcare providers will be able to provide effective care to this group in order to deal with the phenomenon of loneliness

The Relationship between Spiritual Health and Hope by Adherence to the Medication Regimen in the Elderly with Type 2 Diabetes

Background: Due to the increasing number of elderly people in Iran, as well as chronic diseases, such as diabetes, in the elderly, this study was conducted to investigate the relationship between spiritual health and hope with adherence to the medication regimens in the elderly with type 2 diabetes. Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted in the diabetes clinic of 22 Bahman Hospital in Gonabad, Iran. The data were collected using the demographic information form, Herth Hope Index (HHI), Paloutzian and Ellison Spiritual Well Being Scale, and Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS) by interview method. Data were analyzed using independent t-test, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Spearman coefficient in SPSS software. Findings: Most of the participants had high spiritual health, high hope, and low adherence to medication regimen. In addition, spiritual health was directly related to treatment adherence (P 0.05). Conclusion: High hope in an elderly person cannot be a reason for good adherence to medication regimen, but for appropriate medication adherence, it is necessary for the elderly to have correct and sufficient information about their medication and treatment plan

The Efficient Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Oak Gall Using a Miniaturized Matrix Solid-Phase Dispersion Method before their HPLC Determination

Background and Aim: Several gall varieties are found in Lorestan Province, Iran, on Quercus infectoria oak trees, which contain important phenolic compounds. In this work, a miniaturized matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) extraction method has been developed for quantitative extraction and HPLC/UV determination of them. Materials and Methods: In the MSPD method, 10 mg of sample and 50 mg of silica gel adsorbent were transferred into an agate mortar. The mixture was finely pulverized after adding 40 µL dichloromethane as disperser solvent. It was then transferred into a cartridge, eluted by 350 µL of methanol, and the eluate was subsequently injected into HPLC for analysisn. Results: The extractions were quantitative with mean recoveries of 103.0±6.8% and 99.5±7.3% for ellagic acid (EA) and gallic acid (GA) in six replicated extractions, respectively. The detection limit of the method was 0.05-0.06 mg g-1. The method was successfully applied to the extraction and HPLC determination of the phenolic compounds in five gall species. Conclusion: The proposed technique is simple and fast. It substantially reduced the amounts of sample, sorbent and organic solvents required for the extraction. The maximum amounts of the phenolic compounds were found in Qalqaf and Bramazu galls

Multi Directional Repeated Sprint Is a Valid and Reliable Test for Assessment of Junior Handball Players

The aim of the present study was to examine the validity and reliability of a 10 × (6 × 5 m) multi-directional repeated sprint ability test (RSM) in elite young team handball (TH) players. Participants were members of the Iranian national team ( = 20, age 16.4 ± 0.7 years, weight 82.5 ± 5.5 kg, height 184.8 ± 4.6 cm, body fat 15.4 ± 4.3%). The validity of RSM was tested against a 10 × (15 + 15 m) repeated sprint ability test (RSA), Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery test Level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1), squat jump (SJ) and countermovement jump (CMJ). To test the reliability of RSM, the participants repeated the testing sessions of RSM and RSA 1 week later. Both RSA and RSM tests showed good to excellent reliability of the total time (TT), best time (BT), and weakest time (WT). The results of the correlation analysis showed significant inverse correlations between maximum aerobic capacity and TT in RSA ( = -0.57, ≤ 0.05) and RSM ( = -0.76, ≤ 0.01). There was also a significant inverse correlation between maximum aerobic capacity with fatigue index (FI) in RSA test ( = -0.64, ≤ 0.01) and in RSM test ( = -0.53, ≤ 0.05). BT, WT, and TT of RSA was largely-to-very largely correlated with BT ( = 0.58, ≤ 0.01), WT ( = 0.62, ≤ 0.01), and TT ( = .65, ≤ 0.01) of RSM. BT in RSM was also correlated with FI in RSM ( = 0.88, ≤ 0.01). In conclusion, based on the findings of the current study, the recently developed RSM test is a valid and reliable test and should be utilized for assessment of repeated sprint ability in handball players